
[Courtesy of Wikipedia]
[Courtesy of Wikipedia]
United States
Australia (Clock Case manufacturer)
Britain
Finland
Section V: Cultural and Historical Organizations
[The National Maritime Museum has collections and information that may be of interest to us. Astronomical Regulators at http://www.nmm.ac.uk/collections/explore/index.cfm/category/regulators/#aboutColl
National Maritime Museum at http://www.nmm.ac.uk/
Per the National Maritime Museum, “Precision timekeeping was vital for astronomers mapping the stars.” Life is cycles and circles; what goes around, comes around; in other words, all is connected.]
Section IV: Bibliography Notes
[i] Cotterell, Brian; Kamminga, Johan (1990). Mechanics of pre-industrial technology: An introduction to the mechanics of ancient and traditional material culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521428718. OCLC 18520966. , pp. 59–61
[ii] Cotterell & Kamminga 1990, pp. 59–61
[iii] Berlev, Oleg (1997). “Bureaucrats”. In Donadoni, Sergio. The Egyptians. Trans. Bianchi, Robert et al.. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 118. ISBN 0226155552.
[iv] Cotterell & Kamminga 1990
[v] Pingree, David (1998). “Legacies in Astronomy and Celestial Omens”. In Stephanie Dalley. The Legacy of Mesopotamia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 125–126. ISBN 0198149468.
[vi] Evans, James (1998). The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 15. ISBN 0195095391.
[vii] a b Neugebauer 1947, pp. 39–40
[viii] a b Neugebauer 1947, pp. 39–40
[ix] http://www.harappa.com/har/indus-saraswati.html
[x] http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761556839/indus_valley_civilization.html and http://www.mohenjodaro.net/mohenjodaroessay.html
[xi] Rao, N. Kameswara (December 2005). “Aspects of prehistoric astronomy in India”. Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India 33 (4): 499–511. http://www.ncra.tifr.res.in/~basi/05December/3305499-511.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-11. “It appears that two artifacts from Mohenjadaro and Harappa might correspond to these two instruments. Joshi and Parpola (1987) lists a few pots tapered at the bottom and having a hole on the side from the excavations at Mohenjadaro (Figure 3). A pot with a small hole to drain the water is very similar to clepsydras described by Ohashi to measure the time (similar to the utensil used over the lingum in Shiva temple for abhishekam).”.
[xii] Achar, N. Narahari (December 1998). “On the meaning of AV XIX. 53.3: Measurement of Time?”. Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0402/ejvs0402.txt. Retrieved 2007-05-11. [unreliable source?]
[xiii] Kak, Subhash (2003-02-17). “Babylonian and Indian Astronomy: Early Connections”. arXiv:physics/0301078. [unreliable source?]
[xiv] ^ “A copper vessel (in the shape of the lower half of the water jar) which has a small hole in its bottom and being placed upon clean water in a basin sinks exactly 60 times in a day and at night.” – chapter xiii, 23 of the Suryasiddhanta.
[xv] Scharfe, Hartmut (2002). Education in Ancient India. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 171. ISBN 9004125566.
[xvi] “A copper vessel weighing 10 palas, 6 angulas in height and twice as much in breadth at the mouth–this vessel of the capacity of 60 palas of water and hemispherical in form is called a ghati.” This copper vessel, which was bored with a needle and made of 3 1/8 masas of gold and 4 angulas long, gets filled in one nadika.”
[xvii] Horology (from Greek, “hour, time” and Greek: logos, “study, speech”; lit. the study of time) is the art or science of measuring time. Clocks, watches, clockwork, sundials, clepsydras, timers, time recorders and marine chronometers are all examples of instruments used to measure time. People interested in horology are called horologists. That term is used both by people who deal professionally with timekeeping apparatus (watchmakers, clockmakers), as well as aficionados and scholars of horology. Horology and horologists have numerous organizations, both professional associations and more scholarly societies. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horology
[xviii] An antiquarian or antiquary is an aficionado of antiquities or things of the past. Also, and most often in modern usage, an antiquarian is a person who deals with or collects rare and ancient “antiquarian books”. More narrowly, the term is often used for those who studied history with special attention to “antiques”, meaning ancient objects of art or science as physical traces of the past.
[xix] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornsby_Water_Clock
[xx] Ibn al-Razzaz Al-Jazari (ed. 1974), The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices. Translated and annotated by Donald Routledge Hill, Dordrecht/D. Reidel.